SENSORS MOVE TOWARD MINIATURIZATION*
There are two principal trends of note in the environmental sensing and monitoring business. The first is the technological revolution in the design and engineering of individual sensors and sensor components. The trend in terms of individual sensors is toward miniaturization. Making sensors smaller lowers material costs and energy requirements and makes large distributed networks possible.

Indeed, the second principal trend is the development of environmental sensor and monitoring networks themselves. There is an explosion in the number, extent, and capacity of these networks, so much so that this report can only provide a sampling. At the governmental level alone, annual expenditures on maintenance and operation of these networks is nearly $500 million just in the U.S.

Sensor networks allow distributed sensing capacity, real-time data visualization and analysis, and integration with adjacent networks and remote sensing data streams. Underpinning the development of networks is the miniaturization of electronics, the availability of massive data storage and computational capacity, and the Internet. As this report documents, environmental sensor networks have been firmly established, and large new networks are actively in development. New projects range from those that are continental in scope to those that only monitor local conditions. The range of variables measured includes daily CO2 fluxes to decadal shifts in temperatures. Sensor systems can monitor physical and biological activity, as well as measure groundwater fluxes and nutrient dynamics.

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* http://www.environmental-expert.com/news/environmental-sensing-and-monitoring-technologies-global-markets-261712

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